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The effect of section 35 of the Limitation Ordinance (Cap. 347) is that where a "new claim" is sought to be made in the course of an action and such claim would otherwise be time-barred, it will be allowable only if it arises out of "the same facts or substantially the same facts" as a cause of action "in respect of which relief has already been claimed" in the action by the party seeking leave to make the amendment.
In a recent judgment, the Court of Final Appeal has held that for the purpose of determining whether an amendment to a pleading constitutes a "new claim" under section 35 of the Limitation Ordinance and is time-barred, the identity of the causes of action on which the plaintiff relies are to be ascertained by reference to the nature and scope of claims identified and constituted by the Indorsement on the Writ and NOT by reference to the then current Statement of Claim. In this case, the Court of Final Appeal held that the claims in the Amended Statement of Claim did fall within the purview of the Indorsement on the writ and were not therefore time-barred and should not therefore have been struck out by the Court of Appeal.
Background
This was an action by the liquidators of Moulin Global Eyecare Holdings Ltd (Moulin), a company formerly listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, against Moulin's former director and alleged principal advisor.
The action was commenced on 29 January 2008 and the Indorsement on the writ sought "… equitable compensation in respect of loss and damage suffered by the Plaintiff … as a result of breaches of fiduciary…duties and/or breaches of the duty of care and skill owed by the Defendant … arising out of her role as director or employee of the Plaintiff" in the course of the preparation, auditing and certification of the Moulin accounts, the discharge by the Defendant of her duties as a member of Moulin's Audit Committee, and the provision by the Defendant of professional advice and services to Moulin. In the Amended Statement of Claim, the liquidators sought recovery of (a) dividends in excess of HK$242million paid by Moulin out of capital, despite Moulin being insolvent ("the Dividends Loss"), (b) US$15million and more than HK$98million paid by Moulin for early redemption in 2002 by Moulin of convertible notes, at times when Moulin was insolvent ("the Convertible Notes Loss"), and (c) more than HK$37million paid for share repurchases out of capital during the period 2000 to 2004 ("the Share Repurchases Loss").
Court of First Instance Ruling
The Court of First Instance struck out the Convertible Notes Loss and Share Repurchases Loss claims, but allowed an amendment to plead a claim quantifying Moulin's loss as at least HK$1.23 billion by reference to the increase in its net deficiency from 31 March 2001 (the date of the first accounts after the Defendant became a director), when Moulin contended that provisional liquidators would have been appointed had the Defendant discharged her duties, and the date of appointment of the provisional liquidators on 23 June 2005 ("the IND Loss").
Court of Appeal Ruling
The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance rulings that:
Further, the Court of Appeal held that the IND Loss claim was also a "new claim" within the meaning of s.35 and struck it out. This left standing only the Dividends Loss claim which had been made in the original Statement of Claim, filed shortly after issue of the writ.
Court of Final Appeal Ruling
The first question before the Court of Final Appeal was whether the expiry of an applicable limitation period is to be assessed (i) by looking to the terms of Indorsement on a writ filed within time, or, (ii) exclusively by looking to the terms of the then current statement of claim, or (iii) by looking to both. The Court of Appeal held that (i) was correct.
The Court of Final Appeal also held that the following propositions (advanced by Moulin), were correct:-
The Court of Final Appeal went on to consider the purview of the Indorsement on the Writ in this case. It identified equitable compensation for breaches of "fiduciary duty" and also for breaches of the duty of care and skill owed by the Defendant. In the Indorsement, the Court of Final Appeal said, the term "fiduciary" was used not in its strict sense, but more broadly to encompass the established or asserted equitable duties of a director to act bona fide in the interests of Moulin as a whole, to act fairly between different shareholders, and to consider the interests of creditors if Moulin be insolvent or of doubtful solvency.
Moulin relied in particular upon alleged failures of the Defendant in discharge of her equitable duty to act bona fide in the interests of Moulin as a whole, which failures were alleged to have occasioned loss and damage to Moulin for which the Defendant must account by providing equitable compensation. Accordingly, Moulin's claims were within the purview of the Indorsement.
In the above circumstances, the Court of Final Appeal set aside the Court of Appeal ruling which had struck out the IND Loss claim and which had affirmed the striking out of the Shares Repurchases Loss claim and Convertible Notes Loss claim. In respect of the Convertible Notes Loss claim, the Court of Final Appeal held that as presently drafted, it did not plead a triable issue and was therefore "embarrassing" and Moulin should, if so advised, seek leave to re-plead that claim, subject to the Court's discretion.
Comment
This case reinforces the importance of drafting the Indorsement of claim on the writ precisely and wide enough to cover all of the Plaintiff's possible claims in the action and the importance of clients providing full and detailed instructions and documents at the outset to enable this to be done.
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